摘要

Beach areas are characterized by unique underlying surfaces, contributing to a thermal environment with thermal radiation that differs from urban areas. However, existing studies have not considered the estimation bias of the black-globe thermometer method in the thermal evaluations of beach areas. Thus, for thermally characterizing beach areas, this paper aimed to appraise the accuracy of estimation results of mean radiant temperatures (Tmrt) by the black-globe thermometer method and upper-and-lower-hemisphere method based on the results of the six-directional method; to verify correction formulas for the thermometric method; and to compare coastal radiation and biometeorological indices across anthropometric heights and locations. Numerous findings were noteworthy. Firstly, the beach area exhibited a higher Tmrt than other urban underlying surfaces, while sea breezes lowered coastal air temperatures, thus mitigating thermal stress. Secondly, relative to the benchmark Tmrt values, the thermometric method exhibited over-estimations while the hemispheric method exhibited the least variability. Thirdly, the two Tg-correction-based thermometric methods registered substantial Tmrt deviations, whereas the direct correction equation registered only modest deviations. Lastly, the thermal environment differed significantly across three heights, of which the height of 0.1 m exhibited greater thermal stress. Conversely, the thermal environment differed little across the three beach locations. This study offers analytical insights into the thermal characterization of beach environments and accuracy of different Tmrt-estimation methods, providing robust evidence-based methodological guidance to future studies on coastal thermal comfort.